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The Puning Temple (), commonly called the Big Buddha Temple, is a Buddhist temple complex in Chengde, Hebei province, China. It was built in 1755 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor in the Qing dynasty as a sign of the Qing Empire's reverence for Tibetan Buddhism. It is located near the Chengde Mountain Resort, and alongside the equally famed Putuo Zongcheng Temple, it is one of the "Eight Outer Temples" of Chengde. Much how the Putuo Zongcheng Temple was modeled after the Potala Palace in Lhasa, the Puning Temple was modeled after the Samye Monastery, the sacred Lamaist site in Tibet. The front temple was constructed in the Chinese style, although the temple complex follows both Chinese and Tibetan architectural styles. The Puning Temple also houses the world's tallest wooden sculpture of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (22.28-meter-high and 110-ton), hence the Puning Temple is often nicknamed the "Big Buddha Temple". The complex features temple halls, pavilions, drum towers and bell towers. 〔Waley-Cohen, Joanna. "Commemorating War in Eighteenth-Century China," ''Modern Asian Studies'' (Volume 30, Number 4, Special Issue: War in Modern China, 1996): 869–899.〕 ==History== Since the 17th century, during the late Ming dynasty, the Dzungar people of northwestern China (modern Xinjiang) were engaged in a civil war and conflicts with other nomadic horse-archer groups in the region. The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty dispatched an army to Yili to suppress their resistance against Qing rule. The Qing army attacked Kulja (Yining) and captured the ruling Dzungar khan. After the conquest, the Qianlong Emperor personally inscribed his writing on a tablet that is located in the stele pavilion of the Puning Temple. This stele of 1755, called the ''Puning Sibei'', commemorated the founding of the temple and the victory over the Dzungars.〔Waley-Cohen, 880.〕 The Qianlong Emperor ordered for the building of this new Temple of Universal Peace, a symbol of his ambition to maintain peace among various ethnic minorities and a stable environment within the northwestern regions. The historian Waley-Cohen calls Chengde "a crucial location for the exhibition of Manchu power and the representation of Qing imperial knowledge," being the location of the summer capital.〔 Since the Dzungars were followers of Lamaism, the temple was built in imitation of Samye monastery, the sacred place of Lamaism in Tibet.〔 The large wooden Buddhist statue of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara within the main hall of the Puning Temple is one of its most renowned features. It shows a thousand different eyes and a thousand different arms stretched out from its frame (in various sizes). The statue itself is made from five kinds of wood, including pine, cypress, elm, fir, and linden. As of 1994, the Chengde Mountain Resort and Chengde's Eight Outer Temples (including the Puning Temple) were established as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Today, the Puning Temple remains a site of tourist attraction and local festivities. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Puning Temple」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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